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Role of autoimmune processes in the implantation

November 13, 2009

Role of autoimmune processes in the implantation
In the United States conducted a scientific and experimental work on the process of implantation, when the interaction of the blastocyst with the uterine epithelium. Identified several immune factors that negatively affect the process of implantation.

The study was conducted on a group of women who received the desired pregnancy through IVF treatment. Antiphospholipid antibodies are frequently detected in this group of women, but judging by this study, these antibodies did not affect the number of live births, the frequency of abortion. Antitireodnye antibodies also detected in women of reproductive age, but the frequency rate of successful implantation and pregnancy termination is not changed in women with normal thyroid function. The presence of antinuclear antibodies may be a sign of latent autoimmune zaboevaniya, but the presence of low titer of these antibodies also did not affect the outcome of implantation. Antisperm antibodies, when present, usually occur in women impaired fertility when they are in high titer in the plasma, in the mucous membranes. Antisperm antibodies are often combined with ovarian hypofunction. Thus, in the process of implantation is the interaction of two genetically different immune tissues. In the process of implantation of local and systemic immune factors, cytokines, growth factors may interact with adhesion molecules and other proteins, glycoproteins, peptides.

The device copes with severe asthma without drugs

November 9, 2009

The device copes with severe asthma without drugs
American scientists tested an experimental device that uses thermal energy to relieve bronchospasm in patients with severe bronchial asthma, intractable medical treatment.

As shown by one of the last stages of clinical trials, the use of Alair System – is the name of the device – a 32% reduced the incidence of severe asthma attacks and 84% of patients reduced the number of requests for emergency medical help.

In addition, patients who were treated by this device rarely took sick and miss school, and days free from asthma symptoms, they were more than those who received placebo.

The test results were presented at the 105-th international conference of the American Thoracic Society, held in San Diego (California, USA) from 15 to 20 May 2009

The principle of the Alair System is as follows: in the respiratory tract is introduced thin tube through which the high-frequency pulses are fed, heating and destroying the excess muscle tissue of the bronchioles, which prevents them from narrowing and obstruction. The procedure called bronchial thermoplastic and an outpatient.

“In bronchial asthma in the wall of the bronchioles, there are too many smooth muscle fibers, which promote the development of seizures, – explains study leader Dr. Mario Castro of the University. George Washington at St. Louis (Missouri, USA). – Our mission – to reduce their numbers” .

To participate in clinical trials, Dr. Castro and his colleagues have invited 297 patients with severe bronchial asthma from 30 hospitals in 6 countries. Two-thirds of all participants received 3 sessions of bronchial thermoplastics, the other represented the control group, in which during the procedure rf pulses were made.

Within a year after the procedure, scientists monitored the condition of patients. In 79% of subjects who passed the experimental treatment, the condition improved. According to Dr. Castro, improvement was noted in the control group, but its severity was not statistically significant. “This is a very important advance in the treatment of bronchial asthma, – said Dr. Castro, – to this day not much we can help these patients.

All patients enrolled in clinical trials, constantly taking a combination of drugs for inhalation of corticosteroids and b-agonists long-acting, but it did not give them much relief. Could also help immunomodulator omalizumab, intended for the treatment of allergic bronchial asthma, but not all patients the cause of asthma in allergy.

This fall, Alair System expects FDA approval. In Europe, bronchial thermoplastic already approved.

Found genes associated with menopause

October 22, 2009

Found genes associated with menopause
An international team of scientists have discovered genes that determine the time of onset and decline of reproductive functions in women. According to researchers, this discovery may help develop techniques for the treatment of certain disorders of reproductive ability of an organism, or related diseases such as breast cancer and osteoporosis, the authors are confident of the five independent papers published in the journal Nature Genetics.

As experts note, the duration of the reproductive period of women still remains unresolved scientific questions, the answers to which can be obtained by examining a range of factors – from individual genetic characteristics of an organism to environmental conditions and lifestyle, nutrition, health and others. In this context, the timing of puberty and menopause in women are important parameters which, in particular, allow to draw conclusions about the likelihood of developing age-related diseases such as osteoporosis or breast cancer.

All groups, including research teams from the UK, USA, Iceland, the Netherlands and Australia, came to similar conclusions. Scientists analyzed data about the most common variations in DNA among thousands of women living in different parts of the world, and compared them with data on age and time of occurrence of a reproductive phase.

Thus, four out of five research teams found that variations in DNA in the gene LIN28B lead to a change in the onset of first menstruation, called menarche. How LIN28B affect the timing of menarche, scientists still unknown. This gene is responsible for the synthesis of protein, which in turn controls the amount and ratio of other proteins synthesized by cells of the body.

Some previous work has shown that LIN28B somehow influences the growth of man, so the authors of works suggest that their finding may partly explain why the girls into early puberty, usually have a small increase, compared to those who have first menstrual cycle comes to a later age.

In addition, the Icelandic group of scientists have discovered genes associated with menopause. The age at which women experience this stage of development, ranging from 40 to 60 years. With Kari Stefansson of the Icelandic company eCODE Genetics, showed the presence in the genome of human genes are pushed or otherwise accelerate the manifestation of menopause for two years.

But one group of scientists, led by Ken Ong from the Medical Research Council of the epidemiological service in Cambridge, Britain, managed to find DNA variations affecting menarche and located in the chromosomes of several other genes associated with breast development in girls and brittle voice in boys.

Last week it was reported that during the comparative analysis of the gene related to breast and milk, seven groups of mammals – a cow, platypus, opossum, dogs, mice, rats and humans, scientists have concluded: the common ancestor of these groups existed the Earth about 160 million years ago.

Scientists have explained why the avian flu infected more difficult than usual

Scientists have explained why the avian flu infected more difficult than usual
American doctors and biologists have found that the human nose is too cold for the successful spread of avian influenza virus. According to scientists, the bird flu virus infects only cells with a high temperature, whereas the ordinary flu virus is adapted to relatively low temperatures.

Virologists from several different institutions, the U.S. learned the process of infection of cells of the nasal mucosa of different influenza viruses. The researchers varied the temperature: part of the cell culture was maintained at a temperature of 32 degrees, and some – at +37. Biologists know that the bird’s body temperature far above the human and their upper airways are heated as well as the deeply located parts nasopharynx in humans.

Avian influenza viruses (strains that suffer mainly birds: in principle, avian flu can survive in the human body), which scientists infected cells, a well-bred only in the heated cultures. Recall that the virus can not reproduce itself, instead, the virus penetrates the cell, it embeds in its genetic code, and only then the cell starts to produce copies of the virus has infected her.

Researchers have found that often infect humans are influenza viruses, in contrast, well multiply in the cells both at low and at high temperatures. Experts say that these differences are explained by the fact that bird flu infection occurs less frequently, and its transmission from person to person is unlikely: the virus spreads rapidly only when hit deep into the respiratory tract, and under normal circumstances, it is retained in the nasopharynx.

They also said that their discovery could affect the priority of the development of vaccines against avian influenza. Study of the ability of different viruses (currently 16 known strains of avian flu and the doctors have not checked them all) to infect cells at different temperatures can identify those varieties that can infect the body, regardless of the temperature of nasopharynx. Against such a vaccine virus would require first of all – the remaining strains originally adapted to birds with another body temperature.

Scientists have found that Alzheimer’s disease is directly linked to heart problems

Scientists have found that Alzheimer’s disease is directly linked to heart problems
According to recent research scientists, people with atrial fibrillation in 44% more prone to dementia than people with healthy hearts. Atrial fibrillation – one of the most common cardiac arrhythmia. It is characterized by chaotic atrial rhythm and occurs in all age groups.

Academic Medical Center The Intermountain Medical Centre in Utah (USA) monitored the condition of more than 37 thousand patients. According to the cardiologist Jared Bunch, previous studies have shown that patients with atrial fibrillation are predisposed to vascular dementia – a kind of dementia, the prevalence is second only to Alzheimer’s disease. In the new study was the discovery is the fact that heart disease and lead to the development of Alzheimer’s disease.

Dr. Susan Sorensen, head of the U.S. Alzheimer’s Society, said: “The discovery suggests that people with heart disease may be faced immediately with the two most serious forms of dementia – Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia. However, we have the opportunity to thoroughly explore this phenomenon and, possibly, to find the right medicine. ”

For 2006, there were more than 26 million people suffering from Alzheimer’s disease. Scientists project that by 2050 their number may increase by several times.

Further study of this problem should show whether you can find a connection between the treatment of heart disease and reduced incidence of dementia, reports The Daily Telegraph.

Older people with poor appetite die earlier

Older people with poor appetite die earlier
The doctors found an association between appetite and mortality in older people: doctors found that violations of appetite increase the risk of early death.

Clinicians from Ben-Gurion University of the Negev / Israel / reviewed energy expenditure, appetite and mortality among 298 healthy men aged 70-82 years. Scientists noticed that the feeling of appetite can predict death in old age, even after controlling for factors of the illness, presence of chronic diagnoses and other variables. People with poor appetite were dying earlier, although they had normal health for his age.

The doctors noted that elderly people who ate well, had a reduced risk of death from all causes. The results remained the same and after taking into account health status, physical activity levels and analysis of diet. While scientists can not explain how the appetite effect on life expectancy, but most likely, a feeling of appetite depends on the internal processes of aging and in particular from the age of hormonal changes.

The lack of sunlight affects the severity of treatment of asthma

October 19, 2009

The lack of sunlight affects the severity of treatment of asthma
Levels of vitamin D in the body affect the severity of treatment of asthma , established doctors. Immunologists Harvard Medical School examined the concentration of vitamin D among 616 children diagnosed with asthma.

For each child tested for sensitivity to common allergens, but also examined serum vitamin D in the blood and lung function. Asthmatics who had low levels of vitamin A, significantly more likely to have been hospitalized with respiratory symptoms, often react to the most common markers of allergy, as dust mites, and had serious bouts of illness.

American immunologists believe that a walk in sunny weather, is essential for maintaining the health of asthmatics, since ultraviolet rays are an indispensable source of vitamin D. In sunlight, doctors recommend giving children with vitamin supplements, which will also preserve bone health, to prevent rickets and osteoporosis in adulthood. The complexity of obtaining vitamin D is that, unlike many other useful substances, it is mainly synthesized in the body, but not at the expense of consumption. Approximately 90% of vitamin D is formed in the body due to exposure to the sun, so even large amounts of products containing the substance can not fill the deficit, adding therapists.

Japanese scientists grew hair from stem cells

Japanese scientists grew hair from stem cells
Teacher Dental University from the Japanese city of Matsumoto was able to restore hair growth in mice using embryonic stem cells. This achievement is subject to the successful finalization can always save people from the problem of alopecia, Tokyo media reported.

As part of the experiment Mariko YAMAK engaged also in scientific activity, has created a combination of mesenchymal stem cells derived from embryonic mouse tooth germs, and embryonic stem cells, which in the future form the basis of skin cells. After a while approximately 40 percent of cases received “cell clusters” started to grow one or two of hair. When the researchers added the protein that promotes hair growth, the “sprouting” hair reached almost 60 percent.

This result has already been confirmed for the 12 mice, the muscles which was introduced a combined cell mixture. All rodents marked hair growth.

YAMAK told the press that in the first place now wants to try to regenerate the hair using human embryonic stem cells.

A detailed report on this research work will be published in the May issue of the specialized journal “Regenerative Medicine”.

Clean air has a positive effect on life expectancy

September 9, 2009

Clean air has a positive effect on life expectancy
Reducing air pollution contributed to an increase in the average of five months of life expectancy of people in dozens of American cities over the past two decades, writes The Washington Post, citing figures from the study.

Researchers from Brigham Young University and Harvard came to this conclusion based on the change in air quality and life expectancy for the period from 1980 to 2000 in 51 U.S. city, including Washington. Taking into account the impact on life expectancy of other factors, such as changes in population, income and education, as well as migration and smoking, they concluded that clean air contributes significantly to the increase in life expectancy.

Thus, the first time scientists have documented the relationship between air quality and long life, says author Juliet Eylperin.

The researchers concluded that the whole country, life expectancy of citizens has increased from 1980 to 2000 an average of 2.72 years? and five months of this period due to improved air quality.

“Our investments paid off,” – noted the study’s lead author Arden Pope, an epidemiologist and professor of economics at Brigham Young University. He added that reducing pollution in major cities has become “a major, nationwide, a natural experiment.”

Found gene aging brain

Found gene aging brain
Canadian scientists from the University of Montreal and Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, and their American colleagues at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory made a big step towards opening the treatment of neurological diseases and develop drugs slow down the aging brain.

Experts have discovered a gene that controls the normal and pathological aging of neurons in the central nervous system – the gene Bmi1. Mutation of this gene greatly accelerates the process of dissolution of Neurosciences in the brain and loss of nerve cells in the eyes. Laboratory tests on mice showed that neurons in the retina and cerebral cortex functioning properly is at work found gene Bmi1. This gene also prevents the activation of p53 and the path accumulation of free radicals, leading to the advancement of brain disorders.

The main risk factor for diseases such as macular degeneration, Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease, is old age. Many physicians seek to better understand the causes of these diseases, but few studies have focused on the consideration of the basic molecular mechanisms that control the aging of Neurosciences in the human body. Now geneticists have shown that Bmi1 is a direct regulator of cellular aging brain and retina due to its protective properties against harmful free radicals. Doctors hope that in the future be able to unravel the genome coding for neuronal damage.

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